Supplement Ingredient Glossary

Links to Active Ingredient Definitions

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Aditrol is a proprietary blend of beta alanine, acacia extract and benfotamine, three ingredients known for their effects on energy metabolism, insulin regulation and glucose utilization.
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Aloe Vera has perhaps the longest recorded history of therapeutic use in humans and animals, dating back to the 16th century BC. It remains one of the best-known and commonly used herbs in the U.S. today, and is applied to the skin topically as well as ingested orally to help support health and wellness. The clear, mucilaginous gel inside the leaves has been demonstrated in numerous studies to help support G.I. tissue health. This supportive effect is thought to be due to its antioxidant, cytoprotective, and other properties.
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American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) is a plant traditionally used by American Indians as a general tonic, natural restorative for the weak and wounded, and to help the mind. It is believed to act as an "adaptogen," a substance that normalizes body functions, strengthens systems compromised by stress, and protects against a wide variety of stressful influences. Research shows the plant's active ingredients-ginsenosides-may help regulate blood sugar and restore proper metabolism.
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Apple Cider Vinegar
is the fermented juice of crushed apples. It has been used for many years in humans, horses and other animals to support the health of a variety of systems including the skin, digestive tract, immune system, joints, and more. Recently, evidence has emerged as to apple cider vinegar’s effect on normal glucose (blood sugar) and insulin metabolism. Veterinarians have recommended it in instances of enterolith (intestinal stone) formation, and many horse owners value it as an insect deterrent.
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Arabinogalactan is a polysaccharide, or, complex carbohydrate, found in a variety of plants. Approved as a dietary source of fiber in people by the FDA, it is also considered a "prebiotic" because it can be used as a food source by the beneficial bacteria in the large intestine. Research is ongoing as to the compound's ability to stimulate the immune system.
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Arginine is an essential amino acid in horses. It is required for the removal of ammonia (a toxic by-product) from the body and the release of certain hormones, and plays a role in wound healing and immune function. It is a precursor to many other compounds such as creatine, which is important in muscle, and nitric oxide, which is important in blood vessels. Specifically, nitric oxide signals the smooth muscle of blood vessels to relax, helping to support normal blood flow to certain areas.
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Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) also known as Indian ginseng, is an herb that has been used for thousands of years in Ayurvedic medicine. Ashwagandha is a general tonic that acts as an “adaptogen,” a substance that normalizes body functions, strengthens systems compromised by stress, and protects against a wide variety of stressful influences. Its common name is a combination of the Sanskrit word for horse (ashva) and the word for smell (gandha) because the root has a strong aroma that is described as horse-like. This widely-used herb is believed to calm the brain of anxious thoughts and support normal function and focus.
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AstaReal® Astaxanthin is a natural carotenoid derived from the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis, found in various environments ranging from arctic marine locations to freshwater rock pools worldwide. Astaxanthin acts as a potent antioxidant, shielding cell nuclei from UV-induced free radicals during periods of nutrient deficiency and environmental stress. In the context of equine health, research has demonstrated its ability to support muscle recovery and function, mitigating exercise-induced muscle damage, and emphasizing its potential for promoting 
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Astaxanthin
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Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus) is an herb that has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for thousands of years. It is believed to act as an "adaptogen," a substance that normalizes body functions, strengthens systems compromised by stress, and protects against a wide variety of stressful influences. Astragalus exerts positive effects throughout the body, but is most valued for its ability to impart natural resistance through the immune system.
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Avocado/Soybean Unsaponifiables (ASU) ASU stands for Avocado Soybean Unsaponifiables. In a recent study of horses with joint discomfort, supplementing with ASU significantly reduced the severity of articular cartilage breakdown and joint membrane bleeding. It also significantly increased the production of natural chondroitin sulfate and other glycosaminoglycans.
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Banaba Leaf Extract (Lagerstroemia speciose) is a plant containing the active substance corosilic acid which is thought to act like insulin. That is, it promotes the uptake of sugar (glucose) from the bloodstream and into body cells. Banaba Leaf is used worldwide to increase insulin sensitivity and lower high blood sugar.
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BerryPlex™ is a proprietary blend of "superfruits" including pomegranate, acai berry, goji berry (wolfberry), blueberry, cranberry and cherry. These fruits are recognized not only for their exceptional antioxidant properties but also for their other health benefits from various phytochemicals found in high levels in this part of the plant. The addition of BerryPlex to a joint supplement brings a whole food or holistic approach to the protection of connective tissue, cartilage, and other components of the musculoskeletal system.
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Beta Glucan
is the soluble fiber found in mushrooms as well as oats, barley and other cereal grains. Research in horses has demonstrated microbiome-booting effects that may increase the production of pathogen-fighting white blood cells for a more robust immune response.  By normalizing the rate at which food moves through the GI tract, Beta Glucan moderates the release of sugar into the bloodstream and reduces the digestive upset that can occur when too much sugar reaches the hindgut too quickly. 
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Betaine (Trimethylglycine) is a product of choline, a Vitamin B-like substance. In horses, it has been shown to reduce lactic acid build-up following exercise in untrained animals. Betaine is also recognized as an “osmolyte” or substance which protects cells against osmotic stress. This type of stress occurs when the concentration of molecules outside the cell is greater than that inside the cells and water flows out, causing the cell to shrink and possibly die.
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Bio Active Whey is the product obtained by separating milk solids (curds) from milk liquids (whey). In addition to being high-quality, easily digestible protein which supplies essential amino acids to the body, many of these peptides have functional properties that also support the body's immune system and natural antioxidants.
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Bioflavonoids or flavonoids, are a group of plant pigments that primarily act as antioxidants to protect cells from the damaging effects of oxidative stress or free radicals (which are released due to injury, stress, or illness). They are believed to help the body respond normally to allergies, inflammation, and infections.
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Biotin is a member of the B-vitamin family and, like some other vitamins, is a co-enzyme for several metabolic pathways. It is vital to the growth of strong, healthy hooves and a healthy mane and tail due to its role in collagen formation. A number of research studies show that long-term, daily supplementation of Biotin improves the growth rate and hardness of hooves, especially in horses with less than optimum quality hoof horn (soft, brittle, chipped). In addition, because it is a component of the enzymes responsible for the utilization of glucose by the liver, it may support proper insulin and glucose levels. For more information visit our page on Biotin for Horses.
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Bitter Melon Extract
(Momordica charantia), also known as balsam pear or Chinese cucumber, is a plant that contains substances shown to lower blood sugar. The mechanism of action is still under debate, but the active components of Bitter Melon appear to be similar in structure to insulin and could work by affecting insulin signaling to cells. In addition to its effects on metabolism, Bitter Melon also appears to have antioxidant properties and has been shown to help manage UV damage and regulate melanin production.
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Boron is a trace mineral with diverse and important roles in metabolism that make it vital for plant, animal, and human health. It is recognized as a necessary plant nutrient that strengthens cell walls and though no daily requirement has yet been established in people or other mammals, there is evidence supporting its actions in bone growth and turnover, wound healing, a normal inflammatory response, and other critical processes. Boron is involved in the absorption and function of several other key nutrients critical to strong, healthy bone such as calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D.
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Boswellia
Boswellia is a genus of tree or shrub that grows in tropical regions of Asia and Africa. It produces a gum or sap-like substance that contains many biologically active agents known to have therapeutic value in the body. Some of these naturally-occurring compounds are said to interfere with the enzymes that contribute to inflammation and discomfort.
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Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAA) include leucine, isoleucine and valine. Limited research in horses suggests these specific amino acids are mobilized during exercise and used by the body for energy. This preserves muscle glycogen and other, structural amino acids. BCAAs are therefore believed to delay the onset of fatigue and prevent muscle breakdown especially during aerobic exercise, particularly endurance events.
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Brewer's Yeast is the common household name for a specific strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. As its name suggests, it has traditionally been used to ferment sugars to alcohol, although it is also valued for its many benefits to humans and animals when supplemented in the diet. For example, brewer’s yeast can act like a probiotic in the digestive tract, with many research studies demonstrating the ability of S. cerevisiae to improve fiber digestion, enhance feed efficiency and support immune health. A source of amino acids, B vitamins, and some trace minerals, it is believed to discourage insects by causing an offensive skin odor to be emitted.
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Bromelain is a protein-digesting enzyme found in pineapples that may aid in digestion as well as reduce discomfort and provide a normal response to inflammation. Numerous studies in humans have shown that Bromelain and other enzymes have an effect on recovery from exercise, injury, and certain surgical procedures. There is evidence that some of the enzyme may be absorbed from the GI system intact and enter the systemic circulation, where it may directly relieve discomfort in joints, muscle, and connective tissue.
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ButiPEARL® Z EQ utilizes unique encapsulation technology to ensure the timely release of the powerful nutrients, butyric acid and zinc where they are needed throughout the horse’s upper and lower GI tract. Through this timely release process, the tight junctions are coated and strengthened — improving the integrity of the intestinal lining which can be beneficial for horses at risk for leaky gut syndrome. Demonstrated through research ButiPEARL™ Z EQ has been shown to strengthen tight junctions, provide an energy source used in the growth and development of the intestinal lining, support immune function, reduce gut inflammation, expedite wound healing, and overall health in horses. 
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CLOSTAT® CLOSTAT® features the proprietary strain of the probiotic Bacillus subtilis known as PB6—a unique and naturally occurring microorganism. Backed by extensive research CLOSTAT demonstrates exceptional survivability in the horse's gastrointestinal tract, even when included in pelleted feeds. With proven efficacy against equine-specific pathogens, including various Clostridium species, PB6 supports a balanced microbial environment in the gut to preserve the integrity of the gut lining, promoting improved gut health for enhanced athletic performance and overall well-being.
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Calcium (Ca) is a macromineral found in highest amounts in bone and teeth. However, it also has important roles in muscle contraction, blood clotting, enzyme regulation, nerve signaling, and hormone release. Because of the wide variety of roles it plays across body systems, it can be found in supplements that support bone and muscle, gastric health, temperament and behavior, and others. Ideally, horses should receive slightly more calcium than phosphorus – a ratio between 1:1 and 2:1 is probably best. Pregnant and lactating mares, growing horses, and exercising horses may need more dietary calcium than an adult horse at rest. In gastric supplements, you may see certain forms of calcium such as calcium carbonate. This is generally included in a small amounts and is not intended to have an impact on a horse’s otherwise balanced diet. Instead, calcium carbonate helps to support a normal stomach pH in horses with gastric stress. 
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Carnitine (L-carnitine) is an amino acid that transports fat into mitochondria for aerobic oxidation and energy generation. By enhancing the body’s use of fat for energy and therefore sparing muscle glycogen, Carnitine may provide benefits during aerobic exercise, particularly endurance events.
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Cetyl Myristoleate is a unique fatty acid (Omega 5) discovered by a research chemist at the National Institute of Health (NIH) that is used for joint discomfort. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, it has been suggested that Cetyl Myristoleate may block the cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways, decreasing overproduction of inflammatory mediators. While it can be obtained from either animal or plant sources, the animal source (beef tallow), provides a higher percentage of active ingredient than the plant source, requiring a much smaller serving size.
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Chaga Mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) Inonotus obliquus, commonly known as chaga mushroom, is a type of fungus that grows on the bark of birch trees in cold regions such as Siberia, Alaska, and northern Canada. It has been traditionally used in Chinese medicine to support a healthy immune system and inflammatory response. Chaga mushroom has also gained attention in recent years as a potential source of antioxidants and for its ability to mitigate oxidative stress.
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Chamomile is known as "the calming herb," although it has many uses both internally and externally in people and animals. It is classified as a nervine because it is an herb with specific actions on the nervous system. Because of its anti-spasm properties, it is especially helpful for horses that process anxiety through their intestinal system (diarrhea, colic, weight loss).
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Chasteberry (Vitex agnus castus) is a plant native to the Mediterranean region. It has been used for centuries to help maintain a balanced hormonal system in both females and males. Horse owners use Vitex on irritable mares, aggressive geldings, and older horses dealing with pituitary issues, particularly those who have trouble shedding out their winter coats.
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Chia Seed (Salvia hispanica) is a nutritious, edible seed that comes from a species of flowering plant in the mint family that is native toMexico and Central America. The richest plant source of omega-3 fatty acids, it's also loaded with protein, fiber, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and other beneficial compounds. Chia Seed truly is a "super food" with a nutty flavor most horses love.
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Chloride (Cl) is a macromineral commonly referred to as an electrolyte because it helps maintain the body's acid/base balance and hydration status. It is also commonly referred to as "salt" when combined with its partner Sodium. Chloride is an essential component of two intestinal secretions necessary for digestion and absorption of nutrients: bile and hydrochloric acid (HCL), better known as "stomach acid." When the horse's Sodium needs are met, its Chloride needs are usually also met.
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Choline is an essential nutrient that is a precursor of acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter). Has indications for concentration, memory and muscle performance and prevents fat build-up in the liver.
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Chondroitin Sulfate is not only the building block of the much larger molecules hyaluronic acid (HA) and proteoglycan (PG) it also inhibits the effects of various enzymes that degrade cartilage. Research has shown that chondroitin sulfate is bioavailable in the horse and that it appears to work synergistically with glucosamine in the production of new cartilage and inhibition of cartilage breakdown.
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Chromium (Cr) is a trace mineral which works with insulin to regulate blood sugar. By helping insulin work properly, it may be useful in managing the insulin resistance seen with Equine Metabolic Syndrome and in managing excitable horses on high grain diets that "tie up" due to stress. However, because PSSM horses display abnormal insulin sensitivity, chromium may not be recommended for horses with this particular muscle disorder.
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Cinnamon is a plant whose bark and oil helps to support normal insulin function. Studies suggest that cinnamon may help to maintain proper blood sugar levels and support a healthy glucose metabolism. By helping insulin work normally, cinnamon may be beneficial for horses with metabolic concerns.
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Citrulline is an amino acid that the body can convert to another amino acid, arginine. Because arginine is a precursor to nitric oxide, citrulline is also considered a precursor to nitric oxide. Nitric oxide signals the smooth muscle of blood vessels to relax, resulting in increased blood flow to certain areas.
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Cleaver Root (Galium aparine) is an herb renowned for its ability to cleanse the blood, lymphatic, and urinary systems. It is reported to have a diuretic effect on the kidneys, antispasmodic activity in the urinary tract, and support a normal response to inflammation.
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Cobalt (Co) is a micromineral used by intestinal microorganisms to produce Vitamin B12, which works with Iron and Copper to form healthy red blood cells. It is of minor interest because this is its only role in the body, no known cases of deficiency or toxicity have been reported, and horses take in all the Cobalt they need from their normal diets.
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Copper is a micromineral required for production of normal connective tissues including tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and bone. It plays a particularly important role in sustaining healthy hoof growth.  As a component of many enzyme systems, it is also involved in making iron available to the body for blood, in producing skin and coat pigments, in proper nerve signaling and in repairing antioxidants. Low copper levels in mares and foals have been implicated in developmental orthopedic disease (DOD) including osteochrondrosis (OCD).
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Cordyceps Mushroom (Cordyceps militaris) Cordyceps militaris, commonly known as cordyceps mushroom, has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for its potential health benefits, including supporting healthy immune function, athletic performance, and energy metabolism.
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Cramp Bark (Viburnum opulus) is an herb used to relax muscle tension in both smooth and skeletal muscle. Thought to act partly through the higher centers of the brain as well as directly on the muscle itself, it is especially helpful for spasms and tension in the digestive, reproductive and urinary systems.
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Creatine is a component of creatine phosphate (CP), known as the storage form of quick energy. CP is stored in muscles where it helps regenerate ATP, the main source of cellular energy, by replacing Phosphorous molecules as they are released. Numerous human studies have demonstrated positive effects of Creatine supplementation for sports requiring repeated bouts of high intensity exercise (i.e. aerobic activities).
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DHA (docosahexanoic acid) is a specific kind of omega-3 fatty acid that is only found in marine-based sources such as fish oil and algae. DHA is the most abundant fatty acid in the brain and retina, and studies in humans and dogs have shown improvement in brain function when supplemented with DHA. Studies in horses have shown that stallions with fertility issues benefited significantly when supplemented with DHA.
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DMG (Dimethylglycine) is a naturally occurring substance in the body and in many foods, but in low levels. Supplementing with this readily absorbed ingredient makes additional DMG available to cells throughout the body, where it is involved in energy production processes that use oxygen. DMG is used to support muscle metabolism (especially in horses prone to tying-up), maintain immune system health, and serve as an antioxidant.
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DVEquine™ Postbiotic is a natural, nutritional health ingredient which contains hundreds of bioactive metabolite compounds that are generated from a unique fermentation process of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These bioactive compounds have been shown by research to work synergistically to support immunity, gut health, performance, and recovery.
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Devil's Claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) is a South African plant that gets its common name from the appearance of its fruit, which is covered in hooks. Used for centuries for a wide variety of conditions, it is now being studied mainly for its effect on joint and muscle discomfort, mobility, and inflammatory markers. While biologically active compounds from Devil’s Claw such as harpagoside and harpagide have been identified, their mechanism of action on body tissues is still not completely clear.
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Diatomaceous Earth

is a whitish powder made up of the fossilized remains of hard-shelled algae called diatoms. Some owners feed diatomaceous earth to their horses to help with the fly burden on the property. This ingredient passes through a horse’s digestive system without issue and creates an inhospitable environment for fly larva in the manure. This may impede fly larva in the manure from being able to reach their adult state.
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Dong Quai Root (Angelica sinensis) is an herb that has been used for more than a thousand years throughout Asia and has an important role in current Traditional Chinese Medicine. Sometimes called the “female ginseng,” it naturally provides balance and normalizing support for female body systems and cycles. In addition, it also serves as an invigorating tonic for the blood and is believed to have anti-spasmodic and muscle-relaxant activity.
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EPA (eicosapentanoic acid) is a specific kind of omega-3 fatty acid that is only found in marine-based sources such as fish oil and algae. The NIH (National Institutes of Health) lists a large number of conditions in humans in which EPA is thought to be helpful, such as cardiovascular issues, joint discomfort, and others. EPA is believed to work by suppressing excess overproduction of inflammatory agents in the body such as cyclooxygenase.
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Echinacea or purple coneflower, was a popular medicinal herb among Native Americans and early American physicians. It is still widely used by people today in cases of cold and flu. Research in horses shows that not only does Echinacea stimulate the immune system, it is also a blood building agent. In one study, healthy horses that received the herb had higher levels of red blood cells, hemoglobin and white blood cells.
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Elecampane Root (Inula helenium) is an herb with a strong aromatic smell due to its volatile oil content. These volatile oils are believed to provide antiseptic, expectorant and mucus-producing actions in the respiratory tract. Its reported disinfectant activity makes Elecampane equally beneficial for conditions of the urinary tract.
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Essential Amino Acids Essential amino acids are those the body cannot synthesize itself and therefore must be provided by the diet. The ten that are considered essential for horses are: phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, arginine, leucine, lysine (PVT TIM HALL). As the building blocks of protein, they play a pivotal role in muscle development, tendon and ligament formation, hoof growth, and the structure of other tissues. Amino acids are also a vital component of enzymes, hormones, antibodies, red blood cells, etc. and are therefore critical to metabolic, endocrine, immune, nervous, circulatory, and other systems.
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Eyebright Herb (Euphrasia species) as its name suggests, is probably one of the best herbs for the eyes and surrounding tissues. Its ability to act on inflammation, irritation and allergies make Eyebright an excellent choice for any condition that affects the eyes, throat, mouth and sinuses.
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Fenugreek is the number one preferred flavor in horses, and is added to supplements and feeds to stimulate appetite. This herb contains a soluble fiber known as mucilage which may slow the digestion and absorption of food from the intestine. Fenugreek may reduce blood sugar and support healthy metabolic function in insulin resistant horses.
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Fish Oil is an excellent source of Omega 3 Fatty Acids. In particular it contains two Omega 3s -- eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA) -- with researched health benefits. In humans, EPA has been shown to support a number of systems including the heart, joints and kidneys. Studies in animals have demonstrated that DHA specifically improves brain function in growing puppies and senior dogs as well as reproductive ability in stallions.
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Flax Seed is a rich source of the essential fatty acids (EFAs) alpha-linolenic acid, an Omega 3, and linoleic acid, an Omega 6, in an ideal ratio of 4:1. In fact, Flax is one of the greatest plant sources of Omega 3 Fatty Acids. Besides its 40% fat make-up, Flax also contains protein, fiber, vitamins and minerals, and offers the benefits of lignans, antioxidants with estrogen-like activity. For more information visit our page on Flax for Horses.
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Flo-Ox is a proprietary blend of l-citrulline l-malate, citrus bioflavonoids and niacinamide, three ingredients that work together to support normal blood vessel health and blood flow. Together, these compounds also exert cell-protecting effects.
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Gamma Oryzanol is a natural substance found in rice bran. It may support muscle building in horses, helping hard keepers put on weight and equine athletes to perform. In order for muscle to build properly with the use of Gamma Oryzanol, high-quality protein must be fed and there must be an active training program.
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Garlic (Allium sativum) is one of the most widely used medicinal herbs in the world, with its use dating back thousands of years to the Egyptians. It has an extremely complex chemistry – over 160 different compounds have been identified – which helps explain why it is recommended in people and animals for a wide range of health benefits as well as overall health and wellness. Many horse owners feed garlic to deter biting insects.
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Ginger is a plant that has been used for thousands of years in Asia and hundreds of years in other parts of the world primarily as a digestive aid. It is also thought to have positive effects on the circulatory and cardiovascular systems. Ginger may also have antioxidant properties and result in a normal response to inflammation.
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Ginkgo Biloba is one of the oldest living tree species and has been called a "living fossil" because it predates the Ice Age. Over 40 different components have been identified in its leaves, but it is most valued for its flavonoids and terpenoids, potent antioxidants with a particular affinity for central nervous system (CNS). Ginkgo is the world's most used treatment for memory loss and degeneration of the brain and CNS, especially age-related decline. Because it also dilates blood vessels and reduces clotting, it increases circulation to all parts of the body, acting as an overall tonic that aids in a wide variety of conditions.
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Glucosamine is the building block of chondroitin sulfate, a specific type of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG). Current research suggests glucosamine plays several roles within joints. Not only does it lead to the production of new GAGs and therefore new cartilage, glucosamine has also been shown to inhibit the free radicals and enzymes that break down cartilage. This small but complex molecule has an important role in both the production and protection of joints.  For more information visit our page on Glucosamine for Horses.
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Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body, especially in muscle tissue. Although it is not an essential amino acid, there is such great demand for its use in the body that production may not be able to keep up with consumption, so supplementing may be necessary. Glutamine is involved in more metabolic processes than any other amino acid, including building muscle, repairing intestinal tissue and enhancing the immune system.
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Glycine is one of the simplest amino acids and is classified as nonessential because it does not need to be supplied in the diet. However, this compact substance plays many essential roles in the body. Glycine makes up 35% of the protein collagen, is a key component in many metabolic reactions, and has a modulating effect on the immune system. Recently, it has been shown to inhibit gastric secretions and protect gastric mucosa against chemical and stress-induced lesions.
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Grape Seed Extract (GSE) is the most concentrated form of the antioxidants present in grapes. Known as proanthocyanidins which simply means "producing a red pigment," the health benefits of grapes have been recognized for thousands of years. Today, research in humans shows that red wine or grape juice may have protective effects against the specific damage to cells caused by high amounts of sugar and fat in the blood. It appears that the antioxidants in grape seed and skin work cooperatively with Vitamin E to neutralize free radicals.
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Green Tea Extract (Camellia sinensis), derived from green tea leaves and containing the beneficial polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), is renowned for its multifaceted health benefits. EGCG has demonstrated anti-metastasis, anti-proliferation, apoptosis, and immunomodulation properties. In addition to its well-established antioxidant properties, EGCG has been studied for its anti-inflammatory effects and its ability to inhibit UV-induced skin damage. In horses, nutritional supplements incorporating GTEs are gaining attention, with EGCG being recognized for its anti-inflammatory attributes, potentially safeguarding joint tissues from free radical damage.
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Gymnema Sylvestre Extract is a plant containing two main active components. One controls sugar cravings and therefore weight gain by neutralizing the sweet flavor of sugar on the tongue, and the other helps to control high blood sugar. It is unclear whether Gymnema works by preventing sugar from being absorbed from the digestive tract, stimulating insulin release, or functioning at a higher level in the body.
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Hawthorne (Crataegus species) is a plant that has been used around the globe as a "cardio tonic." In the early 20th century, it was the mainstay of heart treatment by physicians. Hawthorn has specifically been used in people to strengthen contractions of the heart, regulate the heart beat, and improve blood flow to the heart, brain, and extremities. It is used in horses with hoof and limb conditions that may benefit from proper circulation, such as joint discomfort, laminitis, and navicular.
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Honey is both a food and a medicine. That is, it is a source of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients, but also possesses beneficial properties to the body. For example, there are many bacteria that cannot live in honey. In people it is commonly used in cough syrups and cough drops for sore throats and an inflamed respiratory tract, as well as mixed with Apple Cider Vinegar for various musculoskeletal conditions. 
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Hops is most recognized as the flavoring agent in beer. However, this herb has also been used for centuries to relieve excess tension, anxiety, and irritability It is classified as a nervine, which is an herb with specific actions on the nervous system. It may be particularly supportive for those that become distracted or unfocused when anxious.
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Hyaluronic Acid (HA)
is an integral component of joint cartilage and joint fluid, providing both lubrication and shock absorption. Hyaluronic acid is what makes joint fluid "sticky."  Because it has been shown to maintain cells in the joint, HA is often used during times of particular joint stress.
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Hydrolyzed Collagen (gelatin) is a modified form of collagen that has been broken down into smaller pieces making it easier to digest and absorb. Collagen is the main structural protein found in the connective tissues of the body (skin, bones, hooves, cartilage, tendons, ligaments). Collagen and gelatin are ingredients used to support joint health, nourish bones and the tendons and ligaments surrounding them, build strong hooves, and are necessary for recovery from exercise and injury. 
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Inositol is closely related to the B-vitamin family and is found in nearly every cell in the body. Because of its location within the cell membrane, it plays two major roles: transporting fats and assisting in nerve transmission. By participating in the action of serotonin, a neurotransmitter whose brain levels are known to be a factor in excess anxiety, inositol may be helpful in overly nervous horses.
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Iodine (I) is a micromineral whose only known function is as part of the thyroid hormones which regulate metabolism. Like Selenium and most other microminerals, the margin between safe and toxic dietary levels is small. Unfortunately, too much Iodine and too little Iodine both result in the same clinical sign—and enlarged thyroid gland or "goiter." Although Iodine requirements increase slightly for exercising horses as well as mares and foals, determine if your horse is already receiving enough Iodine from the diet before supplementing.
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Iron (Fe) is a micromineral found in the hemoglobin of red blood cells (RBCs), the myoglobin of muscle cells, and various enzyme systems. Many horsemen supplement Iron to enhance energy levels and performance, but Iron deficiency in horses is rare and increasing Iron in the body has not been shown to improve RBCs or athletic ability. Because horses usually receive plenty of Iron in their diets, and because excess Iron in the body can cause deficiencies of other microminerals, it should only be supplemented when anemia due to Iron deficiency has been verified by a veterinarian through blood work.
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Jiaogulan (Gynostemma pentaphyllum) is a vine indigenous to mountainous areas of southern China. Its active ingredients are gypenosides, which are structurally similar to the ginsenosides from Ginseng. Jiaogulan has potent nitric oxide supporting activity which benefits cardiovascular health and blood flow to the hoof. It also helps protect the stomach lining and maintain normal fat and glucose metabolism.
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Kaolin is a naturally-occurring clay that falls under the category of GI mucosal protectant and adsorbent. This means it is believed to guard against irritation of the gastrointestinal lining and bind bacterial toxins in the digestive tract. It has been in use for many years to soothe stomach and intestinal discomfort and aid in normalizing fluid content and motility.
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Kelp (Fucus vesiculosus) is one of the richest sources of minerals in the plant world. Also known as "Bladderwrack," it supports the body's hormonal system, particularly the thyroid gland. It should be used with caution in the case of an overactive thyroid. Due to its mucilage content Kelp can also be used as a gentle bulk laxative, and is beneficial to both male and female reproductive systems as well as the liver and pancreas.
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Kutki Root (Picrorrhiza kurroa) is an herb that provides support to the respiratory system as well as the liver and digestive system. It has a variety of actions including anti-allergic and stimulating to the immune system. Kutki not only protects the liver it also improves the secretion of bile and in general has a restorative influence on the GI tract.
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L-Glutathione is a small protein with antioxidant activity in the body. As a component of the Selenium-dependent Glutathione peroxidase system, it not only scavenges free radicals but also recycles or "refreshes" other antioxidants such as Vitamin E and Vitamin C. It has been shown that as cells age, their levels of Glutathione decrease, which may contribute to cell death and certain conditions.
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Lecithin is a naturally occurring fatty substance or phospholipid. Found in both plant and animal tissue, soybeans are the most widely recognized source of Lecithin. It has been shown to help maintain protect gastric tissue in several animal species, including horses, by supporting the stomach's natural defense systems in two ways. First, it forms a barrier between stomach contents and epithelial cells and second, it is involved with cell membrane turnover and wound resealing. An integral component of all cell membranes, Lecithin is also important for strong connective tissue and hoof structure as well as a supple and shiny hair coat.
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Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis) is an herb with actions on three main systems of the body: digestive, cardiovascular and nervous. Excellent for hyperactive children, it is considered restorative to the cells and tissues of the brain, spinal cord and nerves and even has sedative effects.
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Leucine Branched Chain Amino Acids or BCAAs include leucine, isoleucine and valine. Limited research in horses suggests these specific amino acids are mobilized during exercise and used by the body for energy. This preserves muscle glycogen and other, structural amino acids. BCAAs are therefore believed to delay the onset of fatigue and prevent muscle breakdown especially during aerobic exercise, particularly endurance events.
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Licorice Root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) is one of the most widely used herbs for people and animals in both Western and Chinese medicine. Among its many other uses, sweet and soothing Licorice is valued for its role in the normal healing processes of the stomach.The deglycyrrhized form is preferred because it does not have the side effects of the plant as a whole.
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Lime Flowers (Tilia europaea) is an herb widely used in Europe for nervous stress or tension. It is reported to have gentle sedative action and the ability to relax a tense nervous system and muscles. Lime Flowers is particularly useful for encouraging relaxing, restful sleep, especially in children.
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Lipoic Acid is an antioxidant that is naturally found in mitochondria--the energy-producing structures inside cells. It is a more powerful antioxidant than the fat-soluble Vitamin E and the water-soluble Vitamin C it works synergistically with because Alpha Lipoic Acid is both fat- AND water-soluble. Research in horses shows it has the ability to reduce oxidative stress. Because it also stimulates the movement of blood sugar across membranes and into cells, it helps increase insulin sensitivity and lower high blood sugar.
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Lysine is an amino acid and the only one for which a requirement in the horse has been established by the NRC. It is an essential amino acid, meaning it must be provided in the diet since the body cannot create enough of its own. Lysine is also a limiting amino acid. This means if it is not present in adequate amounts it limits the body's ability to make protein. Lysine is required for all ages and uses of horses, but it is especially important in pregnant and lactating mares, young growing horses, and senior horses.
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MHB3® Hyaluronan MHB3® Hyaluronan, also known as hyaluronic acid (HA), is a patented, high molecular weight variant with proven gastroprotective properties for horses. It aids in gastric tissue healing and supports joint health by synthesizing cartilage and synovial fluid. Being bioidentical to naturally produced HA, it offers superior efficacy compared to other forms, enhancing joint lubrication and overall comfort.
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MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane) is a source of organic sulfur which is required for a number of functions in the body. Sulfur plays critical roles in the formation of protein, connective tissue, immunoglobulins and enzymes. MSM has been shown to help support a normal response to inflammation as well as healthy joints; a strong immune system; and resilient skin, coat, and hooves. For more information visit our page on MSM for Horses.
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Magnesium Magnesium (Mg) is a macromineral that serves as an electrolyte in the blood, as an activator of hundreds of enzymes, and as a participant in muscle contractions. A normal diet can meet the Magnesium requirements of most adult horses in maintenance. However, pregnant and lactating mares, young growing horses, and especially horses in moderate to heavy work have additional requirements for Magnesium. Because one of the clinical signs of Magnesium deficiency is nervousness, it is added to many calming supplements.  In gastric supplements, you may see small amounts of certain forms of magnesium such as magnesium carbonate. Magnesium carbonate helps to support a normal stomach pH and may be helpful for horses with gastric stress. The amounts included for gastric support generally do not have a significant impact on a horse’s overall diet. For more information visit our page on Magnesium for Horses.
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Maitake Mushroom (Grifola frondosa) Grifola frondosa, commonly known as maitake mushroom is believed to have immune-boosting and blood sugar-regulating effects, as well as potential benefits for cardiovascular health. Maitake mushroom extract has been extensively researched demonstrating the activity of Maitake beta-glucans as immune system potentiators.
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Manganese (Mn) is a micromineral crucial for proper formation of chondroitin sulfate and therefore healthy bones and joints. It is also essential in carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Supplementation should be considered because not all diets provide the same levels of Manganese. It is among the least toxic of the trace minerals, and it plays an important role in young growing horses as well as active performance horses.
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Marshmallow Root (Althaea officinalis) is an herb that has been used for centuries throughout the world to relieve irritation of the respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems. It contains mucilage, a soluble fiber that becomes gel-like when wet. By forming a protective film over aggravated mucous membranes, the mucilage in Marshmallow helps soothe the sore throat and cough, the stomach lesion and inflamed bowel, and even serves as a “natural bandage” for skin wounds. 
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Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) is considered by many to be “herbal aspirin” and has been used in humans for fevers, aches, and discomfort. The main active substance in Meadowsweet is salicin, which the body converts to salicylic acid. Modern aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is believed to have originated from Meadowsweet and Willow Bark in the 1800s. Other active ingredients in Meadowsweet make it a soothing, healing herb for GI problems such as gastric upset, cramps, and loose stool.
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Medium Chain Triglycerides (MCTs) are shorter fatty acids that are easier for the body to absorb, digest and utilize than longer fatty acids. This makes them a source of quick energy and very popular with human athletes, especially long-distance runners. Since Medium Chain Triglycerides are not carbohydrates, they do not cause rapid changes in either blood sugar (glucose) or insulin. However, they still provide working muscles with an immediate source of fuel, sparing muscle tissue from being broken down for this purpose.
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Methionine is an amino acid that contains sulfur. It is an essential amino acid, meaning it must be provided in the diet since the body cannot create enough of its own. It may be the second or third limiting amino acid, after lysine. This means if it is not present in adequate amounts it limits the body's ability to make protein. Methionine can be converted by the body into another sulfur-containing amino acid, cysteine. Because the concentration of both these amino acids is highest in hoof and hair, methionine especially is often included in hoof supplements.
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Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) is an herb with beneficial effects on the liver. Scientists believe the bioflavonoid silymarin, a mixture of three compounds including silybin, is the most active ingredient in Milk Thistle. By stabilizing cell membranes and stimulating protein synthesis, silymarin and its family of antioxidants both protect and rebuild the liver.
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N-Acetyl Cysteine
(NAC) is a modified form of the amino acid cysteine and a precursor to the body's natural antioxidant glutathione. Research in horses has shown that NAC may help maintain healthy mucosal lining in the GI tract. It also helps support respiratory tissue health in horses experiencing excess inflammation and may support liver health.
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Nettle (Urtica dioica) is often used for its beneficial effects on skin and respiratory allergies.  When used in supplements, the stems, leaves, and roots are processed to create a concentrated source of the active ingredients. Studies have shown it supports a healthy inflammatory response in several areas including respiratory, urinary tract, joints, and more.
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Niacinamide is a form of niacin, also known as Vitamin B3, nicotinic acid, or nicotinamide. While these terms are often used interchangeably, there are some differences in the activity of the different forms. Niacin is used in a wide range of conditions in people based on its cell-protecting effects especially in blood vessels, nerve tissue, the digestive system and skin. The Niacin family also plays an important role in energy production and in the synthesis of many important compounds including proteins, fats and DNA.
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Nutmeg is a flavorful spice made from the hard brown seed of the nutmeg tree, genus Myristica, a tropical evergreen. A rich source of fat, fiber, vitamins and minerals, Nutmeg is believed to contribute to deep, rich coat color.
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Nutricol® is a potent blend of naturally-occurring substances derived from foods that have been shown in numerous clinical studies to profoundly affect cell health. It is a proprietary blending of plant nutrients known as polyphenols. These are the same substances that have made green tea and red grapes the subject of much scientific study in recent years. Nutricol is designed to both increase the cell's resistance to damage and improve its ability to repair damage.
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Oat Beta Glucan is the soluble fiber found in oats, barley and possibly other cereal grains. Numerous studies in humans have shown it to be the agent in oatmeal that supports normal cholesterol levels. Beta Glucan also moderates the release of sugars from the digestive system into the bloodstream. Maintaining a steady state of blood sugar is especially important in horses with insulin resistance. Beta Glucan also helps sugars and starches be digested earlier in the GI system of the horse, reducing the negative effects of starch in the hind gut.
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Octacosanol is a compound primarily found in wheat germ that is used by people to improve their physical fitness. While some studies do show improvement in athletic performance, other research explores the compound's ability to improve cholesterol metabolism and protect the liver from oxidative stress.
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Omega 3 Fatty Acids
are named for their chemical structure but are valued for their health benefits. In order for the body to function well, there must be a balanced ratio between the omega-3s and the omega-6s. Unfortunately, horses that do not have access to grass or those that receive fortified grains may be getting too many omega-6 fatty acids from their diet. Supplementing with additional omega 3s is beneficial for these horses because it helps to being their diet back into a natural balance. Omega-3s play an important role in immune health, skin and coat health and in helping to support a normal response to inflammation throughout the body. For more information visit our page on Omega 3's for Horses.
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Pancrelipase is a mixture of three enzymes normally made by the pancreas: amylase, lipase and protease. Together, these enzymes break down fats, protein and starch in the diet into smaller particles which the small intestine can then absorb. Supplementing pancreatic enzymes is useful when the pancreas cannot make them itself or when the enzymes cannot reach the intestines where they are needed for digestion.
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Paprika is a spice made from grinding the dried fruits of certain peppers. Rich in Vitamin C, beta carotene and other antioxidants, its primary use in horses is to enhance coat color. All colors of horses are said to become deeper and richer, but Paprika is especially valued for its ability to protect black horses from becoming bleached in the sun. Paprika may contain a low level of capsaicin, a substance banned by USEF for use in competition.
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Passion Flower (Passiflora incarnate) is an herb with gentle sedative properties producing a relaxing effect. It appears to be particularly effective when used in conjunction with a more dominant nervine such as chamomile, hops, valerian or vervain to assist in the rebalancing of a horse's nervous system. Passion Flower is thought to act by breaking long-standing habits or nervous patterns and facilitating the development of new, more appropriate behaviors.
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Pectin is a structural carbohydrate found in all plants, although some plants have higher amounts of pectin than others. It is classified as a fermentable fiber and prebiotic because animals don't have the enzymes necessary to break it down into simple sugar-bacteria in the hind gut are required to ferment it into fatty acids for energy. Pectin is also classified as a soluble fiber because it attracts water and forms a gel in the digestive tract. When partnered with lecithin, there is evidence that it specifically supports stomach tissue health.
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Perna Mussel (Green-lipped Mussel, Sea Mussel) is a shellfish that naturally contains a number of active compounds that work against excessive inflammation and the destructive cycle of joint degeneration. The unique combination of biologically active proteins, chelated minerals, glycosaminoglycans, amino acids, nucleic acids and essential fatty acids work together to maintain healthy connective tissue.
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Phenylalanine is an amino acid that is involved in the production of certain brain chemicals such as epinephrine and dopamine. Preliminary studies suggest it may help with chronic discomfort associated with certain health conditions because of its proposed ability to block enzymes which break down endorphins, the body’s natural “feel good” substances. For this reason, it is also used in people with certain form of depression but not in anxious patients because it may amplify nervousness.
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Phosphorus (P) is a macromineral that, like Calcium, is found in highest amounts in bone. It is also required for energy production and the synthesis of many vital compounds such as DNA. Because Phosphorus is present in high amounts in cereal grains, especially wheat bran, some horses receive too much Phosphorus and not enough Calcium then develop problems. To avoid this, first make sure the horse's diet meets at least the minimum recommended NRC levels of both Calcium and Phosphorus, then make sure the ratio between the two is somewhere in the 1:1 to 2:1 range.
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Plantain Leaf (Plantago major) is an herb with gentle and soothing action on the mucous membranes of both the digestive and respiratory system due to its mucilage content. It also contains tannins which are responsible for the herb's astringent and anti-bleeding actions. Some cultures actually use the leaves from this plant to staunch bleeding wounds.
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Polar Lipids are vegetable fat molecules with both water-soluble and fat-soluble ends. Oat oil is a particularly rich source of Polar Lipids. These fats strengthen the tight junctions between cells in the GI system, supporting the health of the mucosal lining and enhancing nutrient absorption.
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Potassium (K) is a macromineral commonly referred to as an electrolyte because it helps maintain the body's acid/base balance and hydration status. Since it is the main electrolyte involved in muscle contraction, the highest amounts of Potassium in the body are found in muscle tissue, including the heart. Fortunately, most horses receive all the Potassium they need from their forage, and only need to be supplemented during hot weather or heavy exercise, to replace sweat losses. The amount of Potassium in the diet of HYPP horses must be closely monitored. Consult your veterinarian for feed and supplement recommendations.
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Prebiotics are sources of non-digestible, soluble fiber that serve as food for the probiotics or "good" bugs in the large intestine, keeping them healthy. Examples of prebiotics are: arabinogalactan, fructooligosaccharides (FOS), inulin, mannanoligosaccharides (MOS), pectin and psyllium.
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Probiotics are live microorganisms (bacteria and yeast )given to promote healthy digestive and immune function. When these "good" bugs break down food ingredients that the body normally can't, they produce energy and vitamins for the body, food for cells in the cecum and colon, and agents that keep the "bad" bugs from growing. Research suggests probiotics are useful in repopulating the intestine with "good" bugs after antibiotic use and may benefit certain horses with loose stool. For more information visit our page on Probiotics for Horses. 
 
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Profloratin is a proprietary blend of probiotics designed to support normal digestion and immune function in the horse. The live bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Enterococcus faecium, and Bifidobacterium longum are considered "good bugs" shown to assist the GI tract in processing food and keeping tissues healthy.
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Proflorazyme is a proprietary blend of probiotics, prebiotics and enzymes added to psyllium to enhance the fecal sand-clearing abilities of this ingredient. Research has shown that the ability of psyllium to help remove sand from the equine colon is improved when probiotics (live bacteria) and prebiotics (their preferred food) are also given.
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Psyllium is a plant whose seed husk is made of soluble fiber. It is given to horses for several reasons. First, when given in larger amounts as a monthly "purge," it has been shown to address fecal sand output and therefore may be helpful to horses at risk for sand build-up and the digestive stress it creates. Second, when given in smaller amounts daily it falls in the category of "prebiotic," meaning it serves as a source of food for the beneficial bacteria that live in the cecum and colon.
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Quercetin is a bioflavonoid or plant-source antioxidant that appears to have especially protective effects on nervous tissue and connective tissue, such as collagen. In addition, it supports a normal response to inflammation, especially when histamine is involved, and therefore may be particularly helpful for maintaining immune balance in horses with seasonal allergies.
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Raspberry Leaf (Rubus idaeus) is an herb primarily used to help maintain normal hormone levels for mares. The active ingredients in raspberry appear to support smooth muscle tone in both the reproductive and GI tracts to help moody mares remain comfortable.
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Reishi Mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) Ganoderma lucidum is also called as Reishi mushroom or “the mushroom of immortality.” This mushroom is known for its ability to support a balanced immune system and healthy nervous system. Reishi’s adaptogenic properties help mitigate the impact stress has on the body. 
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Resveratrol is the potent antioxidant found in the skin of red grapes. A type of natural phenol, it is part of a plant’s defense system against disease. Resveratrol research is in the early stages, but results are promising not only for protection against free radical damage, but also for its effects on the cardiovascular system, blood sugar levels, brain cells, and musculoskeletal health. 
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Rhodiola Rosea (Golden Root) is a hardy, flowering plant that grows in the cold, mountainous regions of Northern Europe and Asia. Used for centuries by civilizations in those regions of the world (Russia, China, Scandinavia), its roots have long been considered to have adaptogenic properties. Adaptogens are compounds which may help the body “adapt to” or cope with physical, mental, and environmental stress. Over 140 active compounds have been identified in the root alone of Rhodiola rosea, the two most potent of which are rosavin and salidroside.
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Ribose is a small sugar-like molecule that makes up the nucleotides RNA and DNA, the building blocks of life, as well as ATP, NADH and several other compounds critical to energy metabolism. Considered an ergogenic aid, it is used by people to increase athletic performance and recovery from exercise as well as to aid in chronic fatigue and certain heart conditions.
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Rice Bran is the outer layer or husk of a grain of rice. It is rich in fat, protein and fiber, as well as Vitamin E, the B-vitamins, certain minerals, and the hormone-like substance Gamma Oryzanol. A tasty, convenient way to add calories to the diet of a horse that needs to gain weight, Rice Bran must be both stabilized to protect its fat content and fortified with Calcium to offset its naturally high Phosphorus levels.
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Rosehips (Rosa canina) are primarily valued for their nutritional value. A valuable source of Vitamin C, also have astringent, mild laxative and diuretic actions on the body. In humans Rosehips have traditionally been used against the common cold and bleeding gums.
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a strain of active dry yeast with many research studies demonstrating its ability to maintain hindgut health. It’s support includes improving fiber digestion, enhancing feed efficiency and maintaining immune health. Research has also shown that providing this strain of yeast helps stabilize cecal and colon pH. 
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Salt is composed of the two minerals, sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl). Salt plays an important role in maintaining hydration, and also helps regulate the body’s pH balance. According to the Nutrient Requirements of Horses (NRC), an 1,100 pound adult horse in no work requires 10 grams of sodium daily, which can be met by giving about 1 ounce of salt. Sodium requirements increase with a higher workload, and horses in heavy exercise require more than double this amount. Many equine diets are quite low in sodium, so additional supplementation is needed. For more information visit our page on Salt for Horses.
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Schisandra chinensis (Five-Flavor Fruit) is a woody vine with red-purple berries that grows in Asia (China and eastern Russia). It is commonly known as the Five-Flavor Fruit because its berries have all five basic flavors: salty, sweet, sour, spicy, and bitter. Not only is it one of the 50 fundamental herbs in Traditional Chinese Medicine, it is also considered an adaptogen. Plants with adaptogenic properties have been used for centuries to support the body’s ability to respond to stress, promote normal energy levels and stamina, and to fight off fatigue and lack of focus.
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Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) is a shrub whose edible berries provide vitamins, carotenoids and bioflavonoids. Many of these compounds have antioxidant and immune-modulatory properties which are important in normal mucosal healing and repair. In fact, numerous studies both in the lab and in several species, including the horse, have demonstrated the ability of Sea Buckthorn to promote gastrointestinal health, most likely through its positive effect on oxidative stress of stomach tissue.
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Seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) is a plant harvested from the ocean that is a natural source of many vitamins, minerals, amino acids and micronutrients. Dried, it is widely used in animal feed and supplements. Seaweed has many of the properties of kelp, including all the same health benefits.
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Selenium is a trace mineral that partners with Vitamin E in the body's antioxidant defense system to trap free radicals produced by exercise, illness and certain medical conditions. While some parts of the country have high levels of Selenium in their soil and therefore the plants that grow there, Selenium deficiency has been reported in 46 states. Therefore, most horses will need supplementation to meet the NRC requirement of 1 mg/day for maintenance. For optimum immune function and exercise recovery, 2 to 3 mg/day is recommended, which is still well below 50 mg/day which may be the upper safe limit. Selenium Yeast, the organic form of the mineral, is better absorbed than inorganic Selenium Selenate or Selenite. For more information visit our page on Selenium for Horses.
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Shiitake Mushroom (Lentinula edodes) Lentinula edodes, often referred to as shitake mushroom is the second most popular cultivated mushroom in the world. Shitake mushroom is known to support both a healthy immune system and gut microbiome. Shitake has been shown through research to increase white blood cells and decrease both glucose and lactic acid levels in young Thoroughbred racehorses.
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Siberian Ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) is an herb that has been used in China for thousands of years to increase energy and stamina, help the body resist infections and toxicity, and restore memory and concentration. Siberian Ginseng is believed to act as an "adaptogen," a substance that normalizes body functions, strengthens systems compromised by stress, and protects against a wide variety of stressful influences. This herb can be found in products designed to support proper metabolism and immune function.
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Silica is the second-most plentiful element on earth, yet horses may not receive adequate levels from their diets because not all forms of silica are bioavailable and it is easily destroyed in processing. Research over the last 30 years has shown that silica supports normal bone growth and density, maintains the strength of connective tissue such as tendons and ligaments, has a positive effect on wound healing, is required in cartilage formation and maintains the quality and appearance of skin, hair and hooves.
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Skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora) is one of the most widely used herbs for the nervous system. It is a considered a "nervine,"or, an herb with specific actions on the nervous system. In humans, it is used for PMS, migraines, disturbed sleep, seizures, drug addictions and physical or mental stress. Its properties are said to include sedation, anti-spasmodic, anti-convulsive, and vasodilation (expanding blood vessels).
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Slippery Elm (Ulmus fulva) is obtained from the bark of a tree native to North America. Native Americans and later settlers used the plant externally as a salve and poultice and internally to soothe the respiratory and digestive systems. Slippery Elm is rich in mucilage, a soluble fiber that becomes gel-like when wet. This ‘natural bandage’ can be useful for any tissue, inside or out, that is irritated, inflamed, or sore.
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Sodium is critical for normal nerve and muscle function, as well as transport of many substances (such as glucose) across cell membranes. There is very little Sodium in forages and grains, so it must be supplied separately. Because horses may not consume enough salt from a regular livestock block to meet their needs--especially in hot weather or during heavy exercise--it may need to be top-dressed on feed.
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Spirulina (Arthrospria platensis) is a blue-green algae, also known as “cyanobacteria,” valued worldwide for its nutritional value and its many documented health benefits. Comprised of more than 60% protein with a full complement of essential amino acids, it also contains vitamins, minerals, fatty acids such as EPA and DHA, and a host of bioactive phytonutrients such as flavonols, carotenoids, and the much-studied C-phycocyanin. Research demonstrates that Spirulina has favorable effects on antioxidant capacity, immune function, and overall health status. NOTE: The spirulina in supplements made by SmartPak is cultivated from controlled ponds, not harvested in the wild. It also undergoes routine screening for heavy metals as well as microbiological and microcystin contamination.
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Sulfur (S) is a macromineral found in certain amino acids (methionine and cysteine), certain B-vitamins (thiamine and biotin), as well as heparin, insulin and chondroitin sulfate. Therefore Sulfur serves major structure and function roles in the body. It is a component of proteins such as enzymes and of connective tissue such as hooves, bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments. Sulfur is also involved in carbohydrate metabolism, blood clotting and joint health. Horses meet their Sulfur requirements from their diet and only one incidence of toxicity due to excess has ever been reported.
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Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme that serves as one of the body’s most powerful natural antioxidants. It is found in all living things and interacts with dangerous, oxygen-based free radicals, neutralizing them before they can damage cells and tissues. Providing SOD in a supplement may help to support your horse’s joint and respiratory health as well as overall wellness during times of stress.
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Tart Cherry Powder , sometimes called sour cherry, has been receiving growing attention in the scientific literature for its effects on oxidative stress and inflammation, especially associated with exercise.  Sourced from the Montmorency variety of the Prunus Cerasus tree, tart cherry contains abundant amounts of anthocyanins and flavonoids. These natural compounds possess high levels of activity against free radicals and cellular damage that occurs with both strength (muscle) training and endurance (aerobic) activity. A recent study in horses suggests tart cherry may support muscle recovery after strenuous work.
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Taurine is an amino acid found in high concentrations in electrically active tissues such as the brain, heart, retina and muscle. It stabilizes membranes and assists in the movement of electrolytes in and out of cells, which is critical for proper nervous system and muscle health. Taurine is necessary for the absorption of fats and vitamins and influences proper insulin and glucose levels. It can be found in supplements for growing horses, nervous horses and horses with metabolic issues.
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Threonine is an essential amino acid, meaning it must be provided in the diet since the body cannot create enough of its own. It may be the second or third limiting amino acid after Lysine. That is, if not present in adequate amounts it limits the body's ability to make protein. Research shows improved muscle mass in older horses that may have trouble maintaining weight and in young, growing horses when Threonine is supplemented. In addition, it supports the production of mucin in the GI tract, a necessary component of the mucus that lubricates and protects the digestive tract.
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Thyme Herb (Thymus vulgaris) is not only a commonly used household spice, but an herb with wide-ranging benefits to the body. It is particular helpful in relieving spasm and gas in the digestive tract but is also extensively given for respiratory conditions where it's expectorant, disinfectant and antiseptic properties may be helpful.
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Trimethylglycine (Betaine) (Trimethylglycine) is a product of choline, a Vitamin B-like substance. In horses, it has been shown to reduce lactic acid build-up following exercise in untrained animals. Betaine is also recognized as an “osmolyte” or substance which protects cells against osmotic stress. This type of stress occurs when the concentration of molecules outside the cell is greater than that inside the cells and water flows out, causing the cell to shrink and possibly die.
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Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, which means that it is a required component of your horse's diet and is naturally present in certain feedstuffs. It is converted by the body into serotonin, melatonin, and other hormones that transmit nerve signals in the brain. The result of serotonin is to maintain the feelings of well-being and contentment.
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Turmeric Root Powder (Curcuma longa) is a plant in the ginger family that has been used to flavor food, add color, and provide health benefits for thousands of years. Its main active substance, curcumin, has been found to exert beneficial effects on many areas of the body, such as joints, the respiratory system, immunity, and the GI tract, but it is perhaps most valued for supporting a normal response to inflammation. Researchers are seeking to understand its antioxidant properties and other activities on cells and pathways in the body.
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Tyrosine is an amino acid that can be supplied by the diet or made from another amino acid, phenylalanine. It is the building block of many important brain chemicals, or neurotransmitters, such as epinephrine, serotonin and dopamine. Not only is Tyrosine important to proper function of the thyroid, adrenal and pituitary glands, its relationship with dopamine has led to its use in horses with anhidrosis (non-sweaters), Cushing's and narcolepsy.
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Valerian is a "nervine," or, an herb with specific actions on the nervous system. Valerian helps the nervous system maintain balance in horses who are struggling with excess restlessness and anxiety. Because it also has a beneficial effect on muscle cramps and spasms associated with tension, it is especially helpful in horses that process anxiety through their muscles.
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Vervain (also known as Verbena) is an herb used for many reasons in people, but mostly for calming in horses. Characterized as a "nervine," an herb with specific actions on the nervous system, several compounds have been isolated from the plant and shown to have positive actions on nerve cells. Vervain may help rebalance the nervous system of horses with excess nervous energy, helping them slow down and concentrate.
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Vitamin A is well-known for its role in maintaining healthy vision, especially night vision. However, it is also needed for reproduction, immunity, and normal skeletal development in young growing horses and exercising horses that are remodeling bone. Horses must satisfy their Vitamin A requirement from their diet, but only horses on fresh green pasture or high-quality alfalfa are likely to meet that requirement. Horses on grass hay, horses with no access to pasture, or horses that are exercising or breeding probably need supplementation.
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Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) is vitamin B12. The only food sources are meat and dairy.  Horses obtain their B12 from bacteria in the gut which synthesize this vitamin from cobalt. B12 is important for red blood cell production, nervous system function, DNA synthesis and the metabolism of fats and amino acids.
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Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) is required for aerobic energy production in the body and other chemical processes. Usually horses can meet the NRC dietary requirement of Riboflavin from a combination of fresh grass or alfalfa hay plus microbial production of the vitamin in the intestine. However, stabled horses with little access to pasture or heavily exercised horses may require supplementation. Because the family of B-vitamins works closely together within the cells of the body, if you supplement one you should supplement the others.
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Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) is an antioxidant that works with Vitamin A and Vitamin E to protect the tissues of the body, especially those of the respiratory system. It is also important in the production of connective tissues like tendons and ligaments, skin and hooves, bones and teeth. Under normal circumstances, horses make their own Vitamin C in the liver from glucose. However, transport, "heaves," old age and endurance exercise have all been shown to decrease blood levels of Vitamin C, indicating horses undergoing these particular stresses may benefit from dietary supplementation.
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Vitamin D plays an indirect role in bone growth and maintenance by managing the levels of calcium (Ca) in the body. It controls the absorption of Ca from the intestine, the movement of Ca into and out of bone, and the amount of Ca excreted by the kidneys. While a minimum requirement has been set by the NRC, it is assumed that horses make all the Vitamin D they need simply by exposure to sunlight, which converts precursors of Vitamin D in the skin to the active form of the vitamin. However, horses kept indoors for prolonged periods or fed poor quality hay, or very young foals or exercising horses that are remodeling bone may need supplementation.
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Vitamin E (Tocopherol) is most recognized as an antioxidant that works closely with its partners Selenium and Vitamin C to protect the body from the oxidative stress of exercise, illness and certain medical conditions. Found in high amounts in fresh pasture, levels begin to decay the moment pasture is cut for hay. That is why any horse that does not have access to grass-- regardless of its activity level or health--should receive Vitamin E supplementation. Although synthetic Vitamin E (dl-alpha tocopherol) is bioavailable to the horse, natural Vitamin E (d-alpha tocopherol) is better absorbed. For more information visit our page on Vitamin E for Horses.
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Vitamin K is necessary for the activation of proteins which play a role in blood clotting, bone metabolism, and vascular health. The combination of Vitamin K from pasture or hay as well as that produced by bacteria in the large intestine is considered adequate for the normal healthy horse's needs. Horses that may need Vitamin K supplementation include those with GI disturbances such as colic, loose stool, or antibiotic treatment, as well as those actively laying new bone.
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White Willow (Salix alba) is considered by many to be "natural aspirin" and has been used for thousands of years in humans for fevers, aches and discomfort. The main active substance in the bark of Willow trees is salicin, which the body converts to salicylic acid. Modern aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is believed to have originated from Willow and Meadowsweet in the 1800s. White Willow Bark may be slower to act than aspirin and less potent, but it may also have fewer side effects such as GI upset.
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Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) is an herb with a wide range of beneficial actions. It supports blood vessels in the circulatory system, is restorative to mucous membranes in the digestive and reproductive systems; has antiseptic and anti-spasmodic properties; and has even been used to staunch wounds because of its anti-bleeding activity.
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Yucca is an herb native to North and Central America used by ancient and modern civilizations to address musculoskeletal discomfort. While it’s mechanism of action is largely unknown, active ingredients have been isolated from Yucca that have antioxidant properties, affect platelet activity, and promote a normal response to inflammation.
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Zeaxanthin
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Zinc is a micromineral involved in over 100 enzyme systems ranging from connective tissue formation and antioxidant protection to carbohydrate metabolism and immune system function. It is most recognized for its role in healthy skin and hooves. Supplementation should be considered for all horses because amounts in normal feedstuffs may not meet requirements and toxicity has not been reported.
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