Endotoxemia in Horses
By: Dr. Lydia Gray
Endotoxemia in horses is a serious, body-wide medical condition that requires prompt veterinary diagnosis and treatment to prevent grave, even fatal results.
What is Endotoxemia?
Endotoxin is a part of the cell wall of certain bacteria (such as Salmonella and E. coli) that is released when these bacteria die, usually in the digestive tract. Normally, a healthy intestinal barrier along with a well-functioning immune system prevents endotoxin from entering the bloodstream, a condition called endotoxemia. However, when the body’s defense systems are overwhelmed by a large amount of endotoxin released from a massive bacterial die-off or when the enzymes, antibodies, and white blood cells that serve as a second layer of defense fail, endotoxemia can occur. Endotoxemia that is untreated or does not respond to treatment can lead to shock, a life-threatening medical condition that occurs when the circulatory system shuts down in response to trauma or illness.
Causes in Horses
Endotoxemia usually occurs as a result of another illness, and these illnesses can be divided into two categories: intestinal events and non-intestinal events. By far the most common cause of endotoxemia in adult horses, intestinal events such as colic or colitis cause a break in the intestinal barrier and permit endotoxin to leak into the bloodstream. Non-intestinal events that can result in the release of endotoxins into the bloodstream include a bacterial infection in the blood (septicemia), retained placenta in mares post-foaling, and respiratory disease such as pneumonia.
Rolling and repeatedly lying down and getting up are two signs that your horse could be experiencing colic.
Signs and Symptoms
It is unusual for an adult horse to develop a case of endotoxemia without an underlying illness, therefore an owner will generally first notice colic, loose stool, respiratory disease, signs of a bacterial infection, or a difficult foaling. Untreated or unresponsive to treatment, a horse that may be progressing into endotoxemia will act depressed or lethargic, standing apart from the herd or standing with the head and neck hanging low. They may not want to eat or drink or pass much manure. Instead of being the normal pink color, mucous membranes (such as the gums in the mouth) may be paler than usual, darker “brick-red,” or have a blue or purple tinge to them. Additional signs that a horse may have endotoxemia include a high heart rate, a high respiratory rate, fever, acute diarrhea, and signs of abdominal discomfort (colic) such as pawing, rolling, and sweating.
Diagnosis & Treatment
Endotoxemia is a condition that is better to prevent than to treat, so the best advice is for horse owners to contact their veterinarian at the first sign that a horse “ain’t doin’ right,” especially if digestive disturbance is noted since GI tract dysfunction is the most common cause of endotoxemia in adult horses. The veterinarian will take a history from the owner, perform a complete physical examination on the horse, and likely draw blood for a complete blood cell count (CBC) and serum chemistry. Of particular concern are decreased gut sounds, delayed capillary refill time (CRT) or jugular refill time, and the presence of a pink/red or blue/purple “toxic line” in the gums just above the teeth.
Treatment should be started right away in order for the horse to have the best chance of recovery, and involves:
Treatment should be started right away in order for the horse to have the best chance of recovery, and involves:
- Eliminating the source of endotoxin by treating the underlying illness such as colic, respiratory disease, a reproductive infection, or other source of bacteria
- Neutralizing any endotoxin already in the blood
- Administering non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to block inflammatory mediators
- Providing intravenous (IV) fluids to support the circulatory system
How to Prevent Endotoxemia in Horses
Since most cases of endotoxemia in horses result from other illnesses, especially disruptions in the gut, it is important to be able to recognize a sick horse and contact a vet for a prompt diagnosis and treatment. Here are other ways to avoid the release of bacterial endotoxins include:
- Make gradual feed changes (hay as well as grain)
- Avoid suddenly or abruptly introducing a new foodstuff into a horse’s diet
- Feed grain in multiple small meals rather than one large meal
- Ensure the horse receives plenty of roughage by feeding 1.5-2% of the horse’s body weight in hay (15-20 pounds for a 1000 pound horse)
- Practice good hygiene around and between horses, maintaining strict quarantine protocols to limit exposure
Additional Resources
SmartPak strongly encourages you to consult your veterinarian regarding specific questions about your horse's health. This information is not intended to diagnose or treat any disease, and is purely educational.